Published Research: Multi-university study demonstrates RnA ReSet liquid minerals deliver measurably superior cellular absorption compared to placebo
RnA ReSet Completement Formulas are designed to support cellular health through superior mineral absorption. Our liquid mineral formulations utilize proprietary picometer technology—stabilized mineral ions small enough to pass directly through cellular ion channels. This innovative approach to mineral supplementation supports the body's structure and function at the most fundamental level: the cell.
But does picometer size really make a difference? To answer this question, a team of researchers from leading universities conducted a rigorous clinical trial measuring exactly how the body responds to picometer-sized minerals. The results, published in the peer-reviewed journal Nutrients in 2020, provide compelling evidence that molecular size matters when it comes to cellular absorption.
This page presents the findings from that clinical study and explains what they mean for your cellular health journey.
Why This Research Matters
- Third-Party Validation: Independent university researchers tested our formulation
- Published Findings: Results published in peer-reviewed scientific journal
- Measured Outcomes: Direct measurement of bioactive magnesium in blood
- Clinical Methods: Rigorous single-blinded crossover study design
- Real-World Application: The same ReMag® formula studied is available to you
Understanding Picometer Technology
What Makes Picometer Different?
Size matters at the cellular level. While most mineral supplements measure in nanometers or micrometers, RnA ReSet liquid minerals are formulated at the picometer scale—thousands of times smaller than typical mineral compounds.
To verify this claim, researchers used advanced molecular testing equipment—the Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS—conducting three separate analyses to confirm particle size. The results showed the majority of ReMag® particles in the picometer range, exactly as formulated.
Size Comparison
Note: 1 micrometer = 1,000 nanometers = 1,000,000 picometers
Verified Particle Size Distribution:
- 52% at 800 picometers — Smaller than cellular ion channels
- 48% at 2.5 micrometers — Still in absorbable range
Testing conducted using Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS with three-test verification
The Cellular Absorption Advantage
Upper GI Absorption
Picometer minerals are absorbed high in the digestive tract, bypassing the lower intestine entirely
No Laxative Effect
Unlike larger mineral compounds, picometer minerals don't draw water into the intestines
Direct Cellular Delivery
Ions pass directly through cellular membranes for immediate bioavailability
The Clinical Study: Design & Methodology
Independent university researchers conducted a rigorous clinical trial to measure how the body responds to picometer-sized magnesium supplementation
PUBLISHED RESEARCH STUDY
Circulating Ionized Magnesium as a Measure of Supplement Bioavailability: Results from a Pilot Study for Randomized Clinical Trial
Published: Nutrients 2020, Volume 12, Issue 1245
Lead Researcher: Dr. Taylor C. Wallace, Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University
Institutions: Multi-university collaboration including Purdue University, Indiana University Bloomington, George Mason University, and Case Western Reserve University
Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04139928
Download Full Study
DOWNLOAD PDF11-page peer-reviewed study with complete methodology and statistical analysis
Study Design
📋 Study Type
Single-blinded crossover clinical trial
Each participant received both ReMag® (300mg magnesium from MgCl₂) and placebo on separate occasions with a 7-day washout period between treatments. Participants were blinded to treatment assignment.
👥 Participants
17 healthy adults (7 male, 10 female)
- Ages: 18-44 years (median 25 years)
- Normal BMI range (mean 24.7 ± 3.7 kg/m²)
- Diverse racial/ethnic representation
- No chronic diseases or medications affecting magnesium
💊 Dosing Protocol
Single dose: 300mg elemental magnesium
ReMag® formulation (picometer MgCl₂) in lemon water vs. placebo (lemon water only). Administered after 8-hour fast with controlled low-magnesium breakfast (~50mg Mg).
🔬 Sample Collection
Blood & urine over 24 hours
- Blood: Fasting baseline, then 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 hours
- Urine: Complete 24-hour collection in timed batches
- Controlled diet throughout testing period
What Was Measured & Why It Matters
⭐ Ionized Magnesium (iMg²⁺)
PRIMARY OUTCOME
The bioactive, free form of magnesium that cells actually use. Measured in fresh whole blood using ion-selective electrode technology within 10 minutes of collection.
Why it matters: This is the magnesium available for immediate cellular function
📊 Serum Total Magnesium
COMPARISON MEASURE
Traditional measurement of all magnesium in blood serum, including bound forms that cells cannot access. Analyzed using atomic absorption mass spectrometry.
Why measured: Standard clinical test, but includes unusable bound magnesium
💧 Urinary Magnesium
EXCRETION TRACKING
Total magnesium excreted over 24-hour period. Complete urine collection with specific gravity measurement to assess concentration and hydration.
Why measured: Tracks how much is absorbed vs. excreted
Advanced Testing Technology
Nova 8 Electrolyte Analyzer
State-of-the-art point-of-care instrument using ion-selective electrode technology to measure ionized magnesium in fresh whole blood.
Precision: Coefficient of variation (CV) less than 3%
Speed: Results within 10 minutes of blood draw
Quality Control: Automated calibration and validation
Why Fresh Blood Matters
Previous studies measured ionized magnesium in frozen plasma, which is less accurate. This study measured fresh whole blood within 10 minutes of collection—providing the most accurate reading of bioactive magnesium.
Research Note: In-house testing showed 7.14% decrease in ionized magnesium after just 2 hours at room temperature, confirming the importance of immediate measurement.
Key Findings: The Results
Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in how the body responds to picometer-sized magnesium supplementation
Primary Outcome
79%
Greater Ionized Magnesium Increase
ReMag® produced significantly higher levels of bioactive magnesium in blood compared to placebo over 24 hours (AUC: 1.51 vs. 0.84 mg/dL•24h, p = 0.029)
Detailed Statistical Results
⭐ Ionized Magnesium (iMg²⁺) — PRIMARY OUTCOME
| Measure | ReMag® (MgCl₂) | Placebo | P-Value | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 1.26 ± 0.01 mg/dL | 1.25 ± 0.08 mg/dL | 0.242 | No difference |
| AUC (24h) | 1.51 ± 0.96 mg/dL•24h | 0.84 ± 0.82 mg/dL•24h | 0.029* | ✓ SIGNIFICANT |
| Cmax (Peak) | 1.38 ± 0.13 mg/dL | 1.32 ± 0.07 mg/dL | 0.034* | ✓ SIGNIFICANT |
| Tmax (Time to Peak) | 10.36 ± 9.30 hours | 9.54 ± 9.85 hours | 0.396 | No difference |
n = 14 participants with complete matched pairs data
* Statistically significant (p < 0.05)
What This Means: ReMag® produced a 79% greater increase in bioactive ionized magnesium over 24 hours and achieved 4.5% higher peak levels compared to placebo. These differences were statistically significant, meaning they're unlikely to be due to chance.
📊 Serum Total Magnesium
Result: No Significant Difference
- AUC: 27.00 vs. 14.55 mg/dL•24h (p = 0.097)
- Cmax: 2.38 vs. 2.24 mg/dL (p = 0.221)
- n = 17 participants
Why no difference? Serum total magnesium includes bound, unusable forms. It's less sensitive to acute changes and can appear "normal" even when cellular magnesium is deficient.
💧 Urinary Magnesium
Result: No Significant Difference
- AUC: 201.74 vs. 139.30 mg•24h (p = 0.118)
- Cmax: 26.12 vs. 24.38 mg (p = 0.469)
- n = 12 participants
Why no difference? Urinary excretion varies based on kidney function, hydration status, and individual physiology. High cellular absorption may actually reduce urinary loss.
Rapid Cellular Response
2-4 Hours
Measurable increase in ionized magnesium detected within 2-4 hours of single dose
According to lead researcher Dr. Taylor Wallace, this rapid fluctuation from a single dose is "very important" and unexpected for mineral electrolytes. The speed of response demonstrates the superior bioavailability of picometer-sized formulation.
Why Ionized Magnesium Is the Gold Standard
Reflects True Bioavailability
Ionized magnesium (iMg²⁺) measures the free, unbound form that's immediately available for cellular use. This is the magnesium that supports enzyme function, energy production, and cellular signaling.
Serum total magnesium, by contrast, includes magnesium bound to proteins and other molecules—forms that cells cannot access or use.
Most Sensitive Measure
The study found ionized magnesium was the only biomarker that showed statistically significant response to supplementation. Serum total magnesium and urinary magnesium showed no significant differences.
This confirms what researchers have long suspected: traditional testing misses subclinical deficiency and fails to detect acute changes in magnesium status.
Clinical Significance: When Ionized Magnesium Matters Most
Research has demonstrated that ionized magnesium (but NOT serum total magnesium) is depressed in several clinical conditions:
- Individuals with migraine
- Patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes
- Those experiencing asthma
- Women with high-risk pregnancies
Note: This information is for educational purposes. These statements describe research findings about biomarkers and have not been evaluated by the FDA. RnA ReSet products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Study Conclusions
"Whole blood iMg²⁺ may be a more sensitive measure of acute oral intake of magnesium compared to serum and urinary magnesium and may be preferred for assessing supplement bioavailability."
— Study Authors, Nutrients 2020
"I would not have anticipated mineral electrolytes changing with 1 single dose. This fluctuation is very important."
— Dr. Taylor Wallace, Lead Researcher
"Magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate are less bioavailable and larger in size compared to ReMag®, thus they do not affect ionized magnesium as efficiently."
— Study Findings
The Science Behind Superior Absorption
Understanding how picometer-sized minerals bypass traditional digestion for direct cellular delivery
Understanding Cellular Ion Channels
What Are Ion Channels?
Every cell in your body is surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane. Special protein structures called ion channels act as gateways, allowing specific minerals to pass through based on their size and electrical charge.
These channels are incredibly selective. Magnesium ion channels, for example, are designed to recognize and transport free magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) that are small enough to pass through their narrow opening.
Key Point: Picometer-sized magnesium ions pass directly through these channels. Larger mineral compounds must first be broken down through digestion—a process that's often incomplete.
Size Comparison to Ion Channels
✓ Picometer Minerals (RnA ReSet)
800-2,500 picometers — Pass through ion channels directly
✗ Chelated Minerals
1,000-5,000 nanometers — Too large for ion channels, requires digestion
✗ Oxide/Citrate Forms
10,000+ micrometers — Must be completely broken down, poor absorption
The 24-Hour Absorption Timeline
Upper GI Tract Absorption Begins
Picometer minerals are absorbed high in the small intestine, beginning within minutes of ingestion. Unlike larger compounds that must travel to the lower intestine, picometer ions pass directly through intestinal cell membranes.
Measurable Blood Level Increase
Clinical testing detected elevated ionized magnesium levels in blood within this timeframe. This rapid response demonstrates immediate bioavailability—the magnesium is already circulating and available for cellular use.
Peak Concentration Period
Ionized magnesium reaches peak levels during this window. The study showed 4.5% higher peak concentrations with ReMag® compared to placebo, indicating optimal cellular saturation.
Sustained Cellular Availability
Even 24 hours after a single dose, ionized magnesium levels remained elevated compared to placebo, demonstrating sustained cellular availability throughout the day.
Advanced Testing Methodology
Why Fresh Whole Blood Testing Is Critical
Previous magnesium bioavailability studies measured ionized magnesium in frozen plasma samples. This study represents a significant methodological improvement:
- Fresh whole blood measured within 10 minutes of collection
- Modern ion-selective electrodes (Nova 8 Analyzer)
- Precision testing with coefficient of variation < 3%
- Automated quality control and calibration
Research Finding:
In-house testing revealed ionized magnesium decreases by an average of 7.14% after just 2 hours at room temperature. This confirms the critical importance of immediate measurement for accurate results.
Frozen plasma samples (used in older studies) may significantly underestimate true ionized magnesium levels.
Picometer Size: Independently Verified
Testing Technology
Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS — Industry-standard molecular size analyzer used to verify particle size distribution
Verification Process
Three separate tests conducted to confirm consistent particle size across batches
Confirmed Results
52% of particles at 800 picometers
Below the threshold for cellular ion channel passage
48% of particles at 2.5 micrometers
Still within absorbable size range
This independent verification confirms RnA ReSet's picometer formulation technology delivers minerals at the size claimed—small enough for superior cellular absorption.
Experience Clinically-Studied Absorption
The same picometer technology studied in this clinical trial is available across our complete line of liquid mineral formulations
CLINICALLY STUDIED FORMULA
ReMag® Magnesium Solution
The exact formulation featured in the published absorption study. Pure, 60,000ppm picometer magnesium chloride proven to increase ionized magnesium levels by 79% compared to placebo.
- Clinically proven 2-4 hour absorption
- Independently verified picometer particle size
- 300mg elemental magnesium per serving
- No laxative effect at recommended doses
- NSF Contents Certified
Complete Picometer Liquid Mineral Collection
All formulated with the same picometer absorption technology proven in clinical research
ReMyte™
12-mineral picometer electrolyte solution supporting cellular hydration and mineral balance
Learn More →ReCalcia™
Food-based calcium from Atlantic seaweed supporting bone structure and function
Learn More →Pico Potassium
Stabilized picometer potassium supporting cellular electrolyte balance and muscle function
Learn More →Pico Zinc Plus
Picometer zinc with copper supporting immune function and cellular health
Learn More →Pico Silver
Picometer silver solution supporting the body's natural immune defense systems
Learn More →Pico Selenite
Essential trace mineral supporting antioxidant systems and thyroid function
Learn More →Professional Applications
RnA ReSet Partner Program
Healthcare practitioners choose RnA ReSet because of our commitment to clinical validation and manufacturing quality. This published research provides the evidence-based foundation your practice needs.
- Peer-reviewed published research
- NSF Contents Certified formulations
- GMP-certified manufacturing
- Flexible integration models (ONS & D2D)
- Professional education and support
RnA ReSet Certified for Sport
Elite athletes and performance professionals trust RnA ReSet for rapid recovery and cellular optimization. Our picometer technology delivers measurable results within hours—critical for competitive advantage.
- NSF Certified for Sport compliance
- Rapid 2-4 hour cellular delivery
- No laxative effect during training
- Tested by professional athletes
- Performance-optimized protocols
Understanding the Research: FAQ
How is this study different from other magnesium research?
This study represents several important advances:
- Measured ionized magnesium (iMg²⁺): The bioactive form that cells actually use, not just total magnesium
- Fresh whole blood testing: Measured within 10 minutes of collection using modern ion-selective electrodes, far more accurate than frozen plasma used in older studies
- Placebo-controlled: Compared ReMag® directly to placebo to isolate the supplement's effect
- Crossover design: Each participant served as their own control, reducing variability
- Independent research: Conducted by university researchers with no involvement in product development
What does "ionized" magnesium mean?
Magnesium exists in your blood in three forms:
- Ionized (free) magnesium (55-60%): The bioactive form — Mg²⁺ ions that are unbound and immediately available for cellular use
- Protein-bound magnesium (30-35%): Attached to albumin and other proteins, cannot be used by cells
- Complexed magnesium (10-15%): Bound to phosphate, citrate, and other small molecules
Only the ionized form is metabolically active. Standard blood tests measure total magnesium (all three forms combined), which can appear "normal" even when ionized magnesium is low.
Why didn't serum total magnesium show a significant change?
Serum total magnesium is tightly regulated by your kidneys and bones—your body works hard to keep it within a narrow range. Because total magnesium includes large amounts of bound, unusable forms, it's less sensitive to acute changes in dietary intake.
Think of it this way: total magnesium is like measuring all the money in your bank account (checking + savings + CDs). Ionized magnesium is like measuring only the cash in your wallet—the money immediately available to spend. A small deposit might not change your total bank balance much, but it can significantly increase your available cash.
This is why ionized magnesium is considered a more sensitive measure of supplement bioavailability and cellular magnesium status.
How quickly can I expect to feel results from ReMag?
The study demonstrated measurable increases in ionized magnesium within 2-4 hours of a single dose. However, "feeling" results depends on your individual magnesium status, overall health, and what specific outcomes you're hoping to support.
Some people report noticing effects within days, while for others it may take several weeks of consistent use to support optimal cellular magnesium levels. Remember, this study measured acute bioavailability—how quickly the mineral gets into your blood. Long-term cellular sufficiency requires consistent daily supplementation.
Note: These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. RnA ReSet products support the structure and function of the body at a cellular level and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Is the ReMag in this study the same as what's sold to consumers?
Yes, absolutely. The study tested the exact ReMag® formulation available for purchase—the same concentration (60,000ppm), the same picometer-sized magnesium chloride, manufactured in the same GMP-certified facility. This was a crucial aspect of the research design: testing the actual commercial product rather than a modified research version.
The 300mg dose used in the study equals approximately 5 ml of ReMag, which is close to a typical daily serving. When you purchase ReMag, you're getting the clinically-studied formula.
What is picometer size, and why does it matter?
A picometer is one-trillionth of a meter (10⁻¹² m). To put this in perspective:
- ReMag® particles: 800-2,500 picometers
- Standard chelated minerals: 1,000-5,000 nanometers (1,000,000-5,000,000 picometers)
- Magnesium oxide: 10+ micrometers (10,000,000+ picometers)
Size matters because cellular ion channels—the gateways that minerals pass through to enter cells—have specific size requirements. Picometer-sized minerals can pass directly through these channels without requiring extensive digestion or breakdown. Larger compounds must be broken down first, a process that's often incomplete, leading to poor absorption and potential digestive side effects.
The study used a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS to independently verify particle size, confirming that ReMag® particles are indeed in the picometer range as claimed.
Why was this called a "pilot study"?
A pilot study is a smaller-scale research project designed to test methodology and generate preliminary data before conducting a larger clinical trial. With 17 participants, this study was appropriately sized to:
- Evaluate the best methods for measuring magnesium bioavailability
- Test the feasibility of the study protocol
- Generate data to calculate sample size for a larger randomized clinical trial
- Demonstrate proof-of-concept for ionized magnesium measurement
Despite being a pilot, the study achieved statistically significant results (p < 0.05) and was published in a peer-reviewed journal. The researchers are using these findings to design a larger trial comparing ReMag® to magnesium oxide.
What about magnesium deficiency? Should I get tested?
Approximately 48% of Americans consume less than the estimated average requirement for magnesium. Standard serum magnesium tests can miss subclinical deficiency because they measure total magnesium (including bound, unusable forms) rather than ionized magnesium.
Research shows that ionized magnesium (not serum total magnesium) is depressed in individuals with migraine, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, asthma, and high-risk pregnancies—even when serum total magnesium appears "normal."
Ionized magnesium testing is available through some specialty labs and point-of-care devices, though it's not yet routine in standard clinical practice. The Nova 8 Analyzer used in this study is designed for clinical settings and could enable more accurate magnesium status assessment.
Important: We cannot provide medical advice regarding testing or diagnosis. Please consult with your healthcare provider about appropriate testing for your individual situation.